For many people, winter is a season of wonder and enchantment. However, it can also be a challenging time for those who care for pets and livestock. Cold temperatures, icy conditions, and reduced hours of daylight can pose risks to both large and small animals, requiring extra precautions and practical care to protect their health and safety over the winter months.

Winter Issues with Pets

• Cold weather hazards: Pets, even with fur coats, can succumb to cold temperatures. Hypothermia and frostbite are concerns, especially for small, short-haired, or aged pets. The AVMA states that this is particularly true for dogs and cats who may be kept outdoors but are not given adequate shelter[1].
• Antifreeze toxicity: Ethylene glycol, the most common ingredient in antifreeze, is toxic to pets. Its sweet taste has a high appeal to animals, but even a small amount can lead to kidney failure. Store antifreeze in a secure location and clean up spills immediately[2].
• Salt and de-icers: De-icing roads and sidewalks can irritate pets’ paws, especially their feet. Ingesting salt and de-icers can bring about gastrointestinal upset or poisoning. Look for pet-safe de-icers when puchasing these products for your home[3].
• Dry skin and coat issues:Cold air and indoor heating can cause dry, itchy skin for pets. Regular grooming and moisturizing shampoos can help keep the coat healthy during these winter months[2].

Winter Concerns for Livestock

• Freezing water: Animals constantly need access to fresh water; however, freezing temperatures will eliminate this. Heated water troughs or checking the supply daily to break up ice is important to keep animals hydrated. This can be a hidden risk during winter[1].
• Shelter from the elements:It is also particularly important to provide livestock with windbreaks, barns, or shelters to protect them from wind, rain, and snow. Though cattle and horses are tough, if they continuously stay in wet and windy conditions, they can be susceptible to hypothermia or sickness[3].
• Nutritional requirements: Chilly weather increases animals’ need for calories, due to the number of calories they burn just to keep their body warm. Hay is a very good source of energy for livestock in winter; consult your veterinarian to adjust feed rations accordingly[3].
• Hoof and foot care: Icy or muddy conditions can lead to injuries, result in a thrush infection, or hoof rot. To prevent these issues, clean hooves regularly and provide clean, dry bedding[1].

Identifying Winter Health Concerns

• Hypothermia: Symptoms include shivering, lethargy, and pale gums. Pets and livestock exhibiting these symptoms should be warmed slowly and seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible[1].
• Frostbite:Check for pale, cold, or discolored skin around extremities including ears, tails, and hooves. Frostbite can be painful and result in tissue damage[3].
• Winter Laminitis: In horses, icy conditions combined with dietary changes in winter can cause laminitis-a painful inflammation of the hoof. Preventative hoof care and monitoring are key[2].

Five Top Winter Tips for Pet and Livestock Owners

1. Monitor outdoor time:For pets, limiting time outside in extreme cold is best. For some breeds with thin coats, owners may want to consider a sweater or jacket to provide an extra layer of protection. For livestock, monitor daily, watching for signs of frostbite or illness[1].
2. Provide warm shelter: Outdoor pets need access to insulated, waterproof shelters. Barns or windbreaks for livestock should be dry and well-ventilated to protect them from respiratory problems[2].
3. Protect paws and hooves: Acclimate your pet to a pair of booties to keep their paws off of ice, snow and salt. For livestock, make sure hooves are kept clean and dry, with non-slip surfaces in their barns to prevent injuries[2].
4. Avoid overfeeding: While increasing feed for livestock is important, the same cannot be said for pets. Ensure you do not overfeed your pets, as their winter level of exercise may decrease. Provide a balanced diet to prevent health issues related to weight gain[2].
5. Be visible: Shorter days often mean that dog walking or tending to livestock might be in low light. Use reflective collars, leashes, or vests on pets and ensure barn areas are well-lit to assure your safety and that of the animals[1].

A Season of Care

Winter can be harsh, but with the right preparation, your pets and livestock can stay healthy and comfortable during the cold-weather months. From adequate shelter and nutrition, to recognizing the signs of winter-related health issues, a little extra TLC will help keep your pets and animals safe and happy this winter season.

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Sources:

[1] AVMA:Cold Weather Pet Safety

[2] ASPCA:Winter Weather Tips

[3] University of Minnesota Extension: Winter Care for Livestock